Horticulture and Market Gardening in the Americas: From Indigenous Innovation to Industrial Monoculture

This sweeping history examines twelve thousand years of horticultural development in the Americas, tracing the transformation from sophisticated indigenous agricultural systems to industrial monoculture. Beginning with terminal Pleistocene plant domestication and the independent development of agriculture in four distinct centers, the narrative follows indigenous peoples who created the Three Sisters polyculture, Amazonian terra preta, Andean terracing, and Aztec chinampas-agricultural marvels that sustained millions while maintaining ecological balance. The book then documents how European colonization disrupted these systems through disease, forced labor, and the Columbian Exchange, before examining the rise of industrial agriculture through mechanization, chemical intensification, refrigerated transport, and exploitative labor systems built on successive waves of immigrant workers. Later chapters explore the genetic bottleneck created by hybrid seeds replacing thousands of heirloom varieties, the environmental costs of pesticide-dependent farming, the mechanization paradox that kept certain crops dependent on hand labor, and the emergence of the food sovereignty movement as resistance to corporate-controlled agriculture. Drawing on agricultural history, indigenous studies, labor history, and environmental science, this work reveals how contemporary food systems emerged through technological change, colonial violence, and deliberate policy choices that concentrated power while externalizing costs onto workers, communities, and ecosystems.