Bishop Anthony of Tebessa and The Anaftological Heresy

This comprehensive historical study examines one of Christianity's most obscure yet fascinating heresies: Anaftologism, which emerged in tenth-century North Africa under Bishop Anthony of Tebessa. The movement denied the personal character of the Holy Spirit, understanding it instead as divine force or energy rather than as the third person of the Trinity. Despite swift condemnation by both Rome and Constantinople, this heresy flourished for nearly four centuries, becoming the defining characteristic of interior North African Christianity and intertwining itself with regional Punic identity.

The work traces Anaftologism from its theological origins through its political patronage by the Tarkhanid Empire, its survival after state collapse, and its eventual disappearance as Christian communities converted to Islam. Drawing on fragmentary chronicles and archaeological evidence, the book reconstructs not only the theological disputes but also the lived experience of believers who understood worship and spiritual life through this distinctive pneumatology. The study reveals how political power shapes theological outcomes, how regional identities resist universal orthodoxies, and how seemingly abstract doctrinal disputes have profound consequences for religious communities' survival. This forgotten chapter of Christian history illuminates enduring tensions between local and universal expressions of faith.